Plants that contain controlled drugs
List of plants and their derivatives that contain controlled drugs and are thus illegal under Singapore’s Misuse of Drugs Act
Last updated 20 November 2025
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There are plants and their derivatives that contain controlled drugs and are thus illegal under Singapore’s Misuse of Drugs Act. They include:
1. Cannabis, Marijuana, Hemp, Gallow Grass
Common Name(s): Cannabis, Marijuana, Hemp, Gallow Grass1
Scientific Name: Any plant of the genus Cannabis
Containing substance(s) controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act : Cannabinol (or ‘CBN’), Cannabinol derivatives including Tetrahydrocannabinol (‘THC’), Cannabis and cannabis resin
2. Opium Poppy
Common Name(s): Opium Poppy2
Scientific Name: Any plant of the species Papaver somniferum
Containing substance(s) controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act : Opium, Morphine, Heroin, Thebaine and Codeine
3. Coca Plant
Common Name(s): Coca Plant3
Scientific Name: Any plant of the genus Erythroxylum (or Erythroxylon) from which cocaine can be extracted
Containing substance(s) controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act : Coca leaf, Cocaine, Ecgonine and any derivative of Ecgonine
4. Peyote Cactus
Common Name(s): Peyote Cactus4
Scientific Name: Lophophora williamsii5
Containing substance(s) controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act : Mescaline
5. Caapi, Ayahuasca, Jagube, Yagé
Common Name(s): Caapi, Ayahuasca, Jagube, Yagé6
Scientific Name: Banisteriopsis caapi
Containing substance(s) controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act : N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (or ‘DMT’)
6. Cabrera, Calumbi, Carbonal, Cuji Cabrera, Jurema, Jurema Preta, Tepescohuite
Common Name(s): Cabrera, Calumbi, Carbonal, Cuji Cabrera, Jurema, Jurema Preta, Tepescohuite7
Scientific Name: Mimosa tenuiflora (synonym: Mimosa hostilis)
Containing substance(s) controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act : N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (or ‘DMT’)
7. Chacruna, Chacrona, Jagé
Common Name(s): Chacruna, Chacrona, Jagé8
Scientific Name: Psychotria viridis
Containing substance(s) controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act : N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (or ‘DMT’)
8. Sage of the Diviners, Ska Maria Pastora, Seer’s Sage, Yerba de la Pastora
Common Name(s): Sage of the Diviners, Ska Maria Pastora, Seer’s Sage, Yerba de la Pastora9
Scientific Name: Salvia divinorum
Containing substance(s) controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act : Salvinorin A
9. Khat, Qat, Kat, Quatt, Qaad, Qhat, Ghat, Chat
Common Name(s): Khat, Qat, Kat, Quatt, Qaad, Qhat, Ghat, Chat10
Scientific Name: Catha edulis
Containing substance(s) controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act : Cathinone
10. Kratom, Biak, Ketum, Kakuam, Ithang, Thom
Common Name(s): Kratom, Biak, Ketum, Kakuam, Ithang, Thom11
Scientific Name: Mitragyna speciosa
Containing substance(s) controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act : Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine
11. Psilocybin Mushrooms, Magic Mushrooms, Shrooms, Mushies
Common Name(s): Psilocybin Mushrooms, Magic Mushrooms, Shrooms, Mushies12
Scientific Name: Any fungus species of the genera – (1) Conocybe (2) Panaeolus (3) Psilocybe
Containing substance(s) controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act : Psilocybin
1 Image by Rex Medlen, https://pixabay.com/photos/foliage-cannabis-marijuana-lush-1157792/
2 Image by TheOtherKev from https://pixabay.com/photos/opium-poppy-purple-poppy-poppy-5335601/
3 Image by Danna Guevara - https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15059501 Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0), CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83658494
4 Image from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Terminology and Information on Drugs, 3rd edition, 2016
5 Lophophora williamsii, including its varieties and cultivars. Also, many different species of Lophophora and species from other genera are now considered by botanists to be the same as/synonyms of Lophophora williamsii. The list below includes some synonyms of Lophophora williamsii:
a. Anhalonium lewinii
b. Anhalonium williamsii
c. Ariocarpus williamsii
d. Echinocactus lewinii
e. Echinocactus williamsii
f. Echinocactus williamsii var. lutea
g. Lophophora cristata
h. Lophophora echinata
i. Lophophora echinata var. lutea
j. Lophophora lewinii
k. Lophophora lutea
l. Lophophora williamsii var. echinata
m. Lophophora williamsii var. lewinii
n. Lophophora williamsii var. lutea
o. Mammillaria williamsii.
6 Image by Apollo - https://www.flickr.com/photos/brindle95/28630979921/ , CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89237567
7 Image by João Medeiros - Mimosa tenuiflora, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48630260
8 Image by M.Aurelius - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=81851375
9 Image by Olekkerra at English Wikipedia - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons., PublicDomain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3249150
10 Image by Malcolm Manners – Chat or Khat, CC BY 2.0, https://www.flickr.com/photos/10239508@N07/5227791815
11 Image by ThorPorre - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25187129
12 Image from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Terminology and Information on Drugs, 3rd edition, 2016